In the last decades of the 19th century, the Chinese inability to reform or modernize was largely due to

In the last decades of the 19th century, the Chinese inability to reform or modernize was largely due to

(A) foreign pressures not to modernize at all.
(B) constant rebellions and peasant revolts.
(C) elites and the dowager empress, who would allow nothing to limit their authority.
(D) the lack of an educated elite willing to lead or propose reform.
(E) the lack of a prosperous merchant class.

Answer: C

The most immediate result of the Opium War was

The most immediate result of the Opium War was

(A) the partition of China between European nations.
(B) the collapse of the Qing dynasty and its replacement.
(C) the beginning of a powerful reform movement to strengthen China.
(D) Korea was ceded to Japan.
(E) China was forced to open its ports to European trade and grant European extraterritoriality





Answer: E

All of these incidents were signs of the decline of the Qing Dynasty in China EXCEPT the:

All of these incidents were signs of the decline of the Qing Dynasty in China EXCEPT the:

(A) breakdown of honesty on the Chinese bureaucratic exams.
(B) diversion of taxes and revenues to enrich bureaucrats and their families.
(C) rise of banditry.
(D) rise of a wealthy group of merchants.
(E) neglect of public works and utilities.

Answer: D

Socially, the Manchu (Qing) rulers

Socially, the Manchu (Qing) rulers

(A) encouraged innovative organizations such as unions.
(B) reinforced much of the Confucian value system, including the family.
(C) began to slowly emancipate women.
(D) discouraged Manchu elites from adopting Chinese ways.
(E) refused to reinstate the Confucian testing system.

Answer: B

Although they were nomadic tribesmen from beyond the Great Wall, the Manchus, when they conquered China,

Although they were nomadic tribesmen from beyond the Great Wall, the Manchus, when they conquered China,

(A) freely settled among the Chinese people.
(B) reformed the Ming bureaucracy and removed local elites.
(C) emancipated women and peasants.
(D) retained the Ming emperors as nominal leaders.
(E) retained the Confucian gentry-scholars and much of the political system.

Answer: E

The Muslim Sudanese revolted under the Mahdi for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

The Muslim Sudanese revolted under the Mahdi for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

(A) opposition to the effort to end the slave trade.
(B) the conquest of the Sudan by the British.
(C) opposition to British influence in the area.
(D) a desire to purge Islam of Western influences.
(E) opposition to Egyptian rule in the area.

Answer: B

The strategic importance of Egypt was changed by

The strategic importance of Egypt was changed by

(A) Napoleon's invasion in 1798.
(B) the khedive's conquest of the Middle East and defeat of the Ottoman Empire.
(C) building the Suez Canal.
(D) the conversion of a majority of Egyptians to Christianity.
(E) building Alexandria and Cairo.

Answer: C

Reforms under the late Ottoman sultans and Young Turk leaders

Reforms under the late Ottoman sultans and Young Turk leaders

(A) attempted to modernize Turkey without Westernizing.
(B) sought Muslim solutions to internal problems.
(C) emphasized westernization and copied Western models openly.
(D) were opposed by most members of Turkish society.
(E) had no effect.

Answer: B

The group that opposed most internal Ottoman reforms was the

The group that opposed most internal Ottoman reforms was the

(A) university-educated students.
(B) Christians.
(C) merchants.
(D) peasants.
(E) ruling religious, political, and social elites.

Answer: E

The decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries can be traced to all of these reasons EXCEPT:

The decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries can be traced to all of these reasons EXCEPT:

(A) sultans who were weak or inept rulers.
(B) frequent defeat of the Ottoman Empire and annexations of its land.
(C) religious divisions within Islam.
(D) decline in the productivity of peasants and artisans.
(E) Christian and non-Turkish populations, who resented Turkish rule.

Answer: C

What Islamic group ruled Egypt in 1798?

What Islamic group ruled Egypt in 1798?

a. Almoravids
b. Mamluks
c. Umayyads
d. Fatimids
e. Shi'a





Answer: B

European financiers lent money to the profligate successors of Muhammad Ali because they desired access to Egypt's cheap cotton and, by the 1850s, a share in the

European financiers lent money to the profligate successors of Muhammad Ali because they desired access to Egypt's cheap cotton and, by the 1850s, a share in the

a. Cairo Railway.
b. Suez Canal.
c. Panama Canal.
d. Orient Express.
e. Silk Road.

Answer: B

All of the following signs of dynastic decline were apparent in the Qing regime by the beginning of the 19th century EXCEPT

All of the following signs of dynastic decline were apparent in the Qing regime by the beginning of the 19th century EXCEPT

a. corruption of the examination system.
b. food shortages, mass migrations, and banditry.
c. failure of foreign commerce.
d. explosive growth of the bureaucracy.
e. diversion of revenue from state projects to private fortunes.

Answer: C

The new groups of merchants that developed in China under the more relaxed commercial system of the Manchus were called

The new groups of merchants that developed in China under the more relaxed commercial system of the Manchus were called

a. Boxers.
b. compradors.
c. pescadors.
d. waiqin.
e. Mandarins.

Answer: B

The successor to the Mahdi, Khalifa Abdallahi,

The successor to the Mahdi, Khalifa Abdallahi,

a. overthrew the Ottoman sultan and captured Istanbul.
b. immediately lost the military advantage gained by the Mahdi.
c. ended slavery in the Sudan.
d. relieved the restrictive social regulations imposed by the Mahdi.
e. fell in the Mahdist defeat at the battle of Omdurman in 1898.

Answer: E

The Chinese official charged with eliminating the opium trade in the 1830s was

The Chinese official charged with eliminating the opium trade in the 1830s was

a. Kanxi.
b. Zeng Guofan.
c. Lin Zexu.
d. Hong Liuquan.
e. Cixi.

Answer: C

Which of the following groups was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908?

Which of the following groups was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908?

a. Black Hand
b. Young Arabs
c. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
d. Mamluks
e. Black September







Answer: C

The dynastic name taken by the Manchu dynasty was

The dynastic name taken by the Manchu dynasty was

a. Sui.
b. Tang.
c. Chou.
d. Qing.
e. Song.






Answer: D

In what area did the Manchus attempt to take strong measures of reform?

In what area did the Manchus attempt to take strong measures of reform?

a. Eliminating the influence of religion
b. Overturning the Confucian social hierarchy of age and sex
c. Removal of social restrictions on women
d. Alleviating rural distress and unrest
e. Elimination of the scholar-gentry

Answer: D

What was the outcome of the Opium War?

What was the outcome of the Opium War?

a. The Opium War led directly to the Sino-Japanese War and China lost Korea to Japan.
b. The British soon swept the seas of opposition, but were prevented from entering China by opposition from other European powers who feared Britain's overthrow of the Manchus.
c. The British victory was so overwhelming that the Manchu dynasty was overthrown by 1850 and replaced by a republic.
d. British victory in the Opium War allowed European powers to force China to open trade and diplomatic exchanges.
e. Despite technological advantages, the British forces were overwhelmed by the Chinese numerical superiority and were unable to penetrate China's isolation.

Answer: D