Archive for August 2017

Geography, environment, and movement in Vietnam

Geography, environment, and movement in Vietnam


(A) successfully fostered the growth of a uniform Vietnamese culture.
(B) have increasingly isolated Vietnam from its neighbors.
(C) divided the nation into two cultural divisions—one in the south along the Mekong River and the other in the north along the Red River.
(D) have made Chinese influence in Vietnam inevitable.
(E) led to the spread of Christianity and Islam throughout the country






Answer: C

Local Vietnamese officials identified most with the interests of

Local Vietnamese officials identified most with the interests of



(A) Confucian scholar officials.
(B) Hindu rulers.
(C) the imperial court and high administrators.
(D) the peasants and local village culture.
(E) merchants.






Answer: D

After their independence from China, the Vietnamese

After their independence from China, the Vietnamese



(A) slavishly copied Chinese culture and ruling styles.
(B) degenerated into constantly feuding clans and villages.
(C) were conquered by the Khmersand Thais.
(D) became a largely commercial society in southeast Asia.
(E) conquered the highlands and coasts between the Mekong River and South China Sea



Answer: E

What passage in Vietnamese history might have been instructive to the French and United States as they attempted to conquer Vietnam?

What passage in Vietnamese history might have been instructive to the French and United States as they attempted to conquer Vietnam?



(A) The majority of Vietnamese literature and art depicted Vietnam's history and mocked foreign influences.
(B) Vietnam had maintained its distinct Vietnamese identity despite centuries of Chinese rule.
(C) Vietnam's war of independence against China and the Mongols lasted 1,000 years in order to achieve freedom.
(D) The Vietnamese constantly invaded and defeated their neighbors including China.
(E) Vietnam had conquered and ruled its neighbors.




Answer: B

The typical pattern for relations between China and its neighbors during the postclassical period was

The typical pattern for relations between China and its neighbors during the postclassical period was




(A) military occupation by the Chinese armies.
(B) for these states to acknowledge Chinese superiority and pay tribute but remain independent.
(C) incorporation of these states as provinces in the Chinese empire.
(D) to form equal alliances as partners against nomadic invaders.
(E) to maintain no formal relations or treaties with neighboring states.




Answer: B

The influence of Chinese culture in Korea produced all of the following EXCEPT:

The influence of Chinese culture in Korea produced all of the following EXCEPT:



(A) legal reform.
(B) Chinese forms of Buddhism.
(C) an greater flow of goods between China and Korea.
(D) unified resistance from the three kingdoms.
(E) adoption of the Chinese writing system.





Answer: D

As the power of the Heian emperors declined,

As the power of the Heian emperors declined,



(A) Chinese trained scholar officials assumed control of the government.
(B) civil war broke out between branches of the imperial family.
(C) local nobles carved out estates and reduced the peasants to serfdom.
(D) China conquered Japan.
(E) religious groups and the clergy became the effective government




Answer: C

Which of the following statements concerning the Korean bureaucracy under the influence of China is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the Korean bureaucracy under the influence of China is most accurate?




a. Although Korea emulated the Chinese bureaucratic structure, the satellite never created a Confucian examination system as a means of qualification.
b. With the establishment of the Confucian examination system, advancement within the civil service was determined almost exclusively by test scores.
c. Korean absolutism depended more on a warrior elite than administrative sophistication, so a formal bureaucracy was never established.
d. Korea established a Confucian examination system on the Chinese model, but admission to the bureaucracy was determined almost exclusively by birth.
e. Korean nobility did not welcome Chinese bureaucratic institutions and tried to introduce Korean models.



Answer: D

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Japanese government following the death of Yoritomo?

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Japanese government following the death of Yoritomo?





a. The successors of Yoritomo seized the imperial throne in their own name and set off a civil war between the old imperial family at Nara and the new one in Kamakura.
b. Real power rested in the Hojo family, who manipulated the Minamoto shoguns, who in turn claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto.
c. Power was rapidly dissipated after the emperor was officially deposed without a successor.
d. There was a two-tiered system of government with power resting with the restored emperor at Heian who commanded a body of aristocratic warriors associated with the bakufu at Kyoto.
e. Japanese unity was achieved and feudal rule was ended under the leadership of the shoguns.





Answer: B

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate?




a. Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare.
b. The bushi depended on infantry tactics, equipping the samurai initially with long spears.
c. Battles depended on the Japanese phalanx of mounted samurai and massed assaults predicated on the willingness of the retainers to sacrifice themselves for their leaders.
d. The introduction of gunpowder in the 11th century allowed the bushi to rely on cannon and rockets as their primary means of assault.
e. The bushi made possible the building of conscript armies using new techniques of fighting obtained from the European kingdoms.





Answer: A

What was the relationship between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the emperor?

What was the relationship between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the emperor?



a. The Ashikaga shoguns fought the emperor at Kyoto who refused to recognize their authority.
b. The emperor and the Ashikaga shoguns formed an alliance and worked together to defeat their enemies.
c. The Ashikaga shoguns brought the imperial family to Kamakura in order to more closely control their activities.
d. The Ashikaga shoguns swore fealty to the emperor at Kyoto and restored imperial authority.
e. The Ashikaga shoguns unseated the emperor at Heian and took the imperial title for themselves.




Answer: A

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daimyos is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daimyos is most accurate?




a. Women's status among the elite certainly improved during the era of the warlords, as they gained rights to inheritance.
b. While the status of women among the artisan and merchant classes declined, the status of women among the warrior elite probably improved marginally.
c. Women were excluded from inheritance and treated as defenseless appendages of their warrior fathers or husbands.
d. The rise of the handicraft industry caused the status of women to decline throughout the period.
e. Women often participated in martial training during the era of the warlords, thus improving their social status.





Answer: C

Which of the following was a critical factor in the failure of the Chinese to conquer or assimilate the Vietnamese?

Which of the following was a critical factor in the failure of the Chinese to conquer or assimilate the Vietnamese?



a. The Vietnamese resistance to Chinese crossed both class and gender barriers
b. The widespread destruction of the Vietnamese elite
c. The continued cultural impact of Indian culture in Southeast Asia, particularly among the Vietnamese
d. The proximity of Vietnam to Chinese centers of power
e. The failure of the Chinese to introduce Buddhism




Answer: A

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate?



a. In the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke down, leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial lords and their military retainers.
b. The provincial military elite was rapidly subjected to the aristocratic armies of the imperial court.
c. The provincial military elite was kept in check by the continued development of the imperial peasant-conscript army.
d. The emperor created an alliance with the Chinese that permitted him to crush the regional military lords.
e. The imperial court worked with the military elite to fight the growing civil unrest that was due to an unhappy peasantry.




Answer: A

The victory of the Minamoto in 1185 led to the creation of

The victory of the Minamoto in 1185 led to the creation of



a. the bakufu, or military government at Kamakura.
b. the Tokugawa Shogunate.
c. the imperial government at Heian (Kyoto).
d. a new dynasty led by the first Minamoto emperor.
e. the Ashikaga Shogunate.





Answer: A

What was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate?

What was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate?



a. Restored authority for the emperor
b. The China model seemed more relevant to the Japanese.
c. Restored authority for the court aristocracy
d. Division of Japan into 300 little states under the daimyos
e. The rise of four large aristocratic states under powerful bushi





Answer: D

By the 11th and 12th centuries, what was the status of the Japanese court aristocracy?

By the 11th and 12th centuries, what was the status of the Japanese court aristocracy?




a. The aristocracy increased in power due to the influence of the Taira and Minamoto families.
b. The resuscitation of the emperor led to the destruction of the court aristocracy and the suppression of the regional warrior elite.
c. Aristocratic families at the court depended on alliances with the provincial warrior elite in order to exercise any power.
d. The court aristocracy succeeded by the 11th century in setting aside the emperor in favor of regionalized government.
e. They continued to dominate the imperial government and to depend on their alliance with the Buddhist monasteries.





Answer: C

Which of the following cultural traits was NOT introduced into Vietnam from China following the Han conquest of 111 B.C.E.?

Which of the following cultural traits was NOT introduced into Vietnam from China following the Han conquest of 111 B.C.E.?



a. Chinese-style schools
b. Chinese reliance on the nuclear family
c. Chinese examination system and bureaucracy
d. Chinese military organization
e. Chinese agricultural cropping techniques and irrigation technology





Answer: B

Which of the following statements concerning the society and economy of the warlord or shogun era in Japanese history is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the society and economy of the warlord or shogun era in Japanese history is most accurate?




a. The frequent combat of the warlord era suppressed the development of artisan or merchant classes in Japan.
b. Despite political chaos, improvements in agricultural techniques and incentives led to occupation of previously uncultivated areas.
c. The farm economy continued to improve due to the introduction of the three field system from Europe.
d. Due to the incessant warfare, the Japanese economy was reduced to barbarism.
e. The peasantry were further reduced in status as the agricultural economy experienced rapid reductions in the acreage under production.





Answer: B

How did the principles of warfare change under the daimyos?

How did the principles of warfare change under the daimyos?




a. The rise of gunpowder and cannon made the fortresses and castles of the warrior elite obsolete.
b. Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command, and organization of massive armies replaced heroic combat.
c. Peasant forces were reduced in significance, as they were replaced by professional soldiers.
d. Heroic combat between champions remained the rule, but the weapon of choice changed from the bow to the curved sword.
e. They introduced new military techniques and strategies learned from contacts with Islamic traders.




Answer: B

When did Chinese influence on Japan peak?

When did Chinese influence on Japan peak?



a. 2nd and 3rd centuries C.E.
b. 1st century B.C.E.
c. 7th and 8th centuries C.E.
d. 5th and 6th centuries C.E.
e. 3rd century B.C.E.








Answer: C

What was the military organization of the Heian government in Japan?

What was the military organization of the Heian government in Japan?



a. Formal military organization was abandoned by the emperor as a way to control the bushi.
b. The emperor formalized the creation of a peasant-conscript army on the model of the Chinese.
c. Local members of the aristocracy were ordered to organize militia forces.
d. The emperor accepted the introduction of Chinese troops as the basis for the Japanese army.
e. Buddhist monasteries depended on the bushi for protection.





Answer: C

Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during the 10th century in Japan is NOT correct?

Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during the 10th century in Japan is NOT correct?



a. Provincial elite families often arose from local landowners, estate managers, or local state officials.
b. The provincial elite came to control land and labor locally and to deny these resources to the imperial court.
c. The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court.
d. Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders administered law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenue.
e. A warrior code developed that stressed family honor and death rather than retreat or defeat.






Answer: C

What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian?

What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian?




a. Shintoism was formally suppressed following the marriage of the Empress Koken to a former monk.
b. The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the state's acceptance of a formal examination system modeled on the Chinese bureaucracy.
c. Buddhism ceased to play a major role in Japanese society.
d. The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government.
e. The aristocrats gave up positions in the central government under pressure from the Buddhists.





Answer: D

What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan?

What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan?




a. Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked.
b. The creation of the samurai created a period of great social mobility in Japan during which people rapidly moved out of the peasantry and into the class of warriors.
c. Although separated from the warriors by rigid class barriers, the peasantry achieved greater levels of personal freedom and economic prosperity.
d. Peasants who were willing to be trained could become samurai.
e. The samurai were critical to the development of a free peasantry on which the warriors depended for supplies of food and arms.






Answer: A

What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese cultural and political models?

What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese cultural and political models?





a. The island societies of the Pacific rim
b. Western Islamic provinces
c. The nomadic societies in the North
d. Indianized peoples of Southeast Asia
e. The agrarian societies in the East and South




Answer: E

What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin?

What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin?




a. Vietnamese domination of the South Pacific and the Philippines
b. The defeat of the Vietnamese and the fragmentation of the kingdom into 300 small kingdoms ruled by a warrior elite
c. The creation of a highly centralized kingdom with its capital at Hanoi
d. The reconquest of the Red River valley by the Chinese during the Southern Song era
e. The division of the Vietnamese into two kingdoms with capitals at Hue and Hanoi




Answer: E

What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan?

What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan?



a. To destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in favor of a military aristocracy
b. The destruction of the traditional peasant-conscript army
c. To increase the power of the Buddhist monastic structure
d. To decentralize the imperial government
e. To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor





Answer: E

Following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers?

Following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers?




a. The Chinese administrative system based on the Confucian examination system
b. Chinese popular culture, such as cockfights
c. A highly centralized administrative system manned by a powerful scholar-gentry
d. The successful suppression of the peasantry
e. Chinese family organization





Answer: A

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate?



a. Korean universities fought the trend toward Sinification by using Korean examination systems.
b. Korean society followed the Chinese model of a strong scholar-gentry, a weak aristocracy, and a highly regarded though politically impotent peasantry.
c. Like the Chinese, a wealthy merchant class arose in Korea, but according to Confucian dictates it never achieved high social status.
d. Like the Japanese during the same period, Korean society is typified by the rise of strong merchant and artisan classes.
e. Because of the monopolization of all things Chinese by the tiny Korean elite, neither a merchant nor an artisan class developed in Korea.





Answer: E

The mid-1920s in western Europe could best be described as a period of

The mid-1920s in western Europe could best be described as a period of




a. stability and optimism.
b. war and destruction.
c. depression and unemployment.
d. internal political unanimity.
e. international tensions building between East and West.




Answer: A

Hitler came to power in Germany

Hitler came to power in Germany



a. with the support of socialists.
b. after a lengthy civil war between forces of conservatives and communists.
c. after a short, but violent, overthrow of the constitutional government.
d. as a result of entirely legal and constitutional means.
e. with the support of the upper and lower classes but financed by the Soviets.




Answer: D

Which of the following was NOT part of Adolf Hitler's political program?

Which of the following was NOT part of Adolf Hitler's political program?



a. A return to more traditional ways
b. Alliances with socialist parties in Germany
c. A glorious foreign policy designed to undo the disgrace of Versailles
d. The need for unity and the hopeless division of parliamentary politics
e. Creation of a secret police known as the Gestapo






Answer: B

Which of the following resulted from Stalin's agricultural policies?

Which of the following resulted from Stalin's agricultural policies?



a. Agricultural planning was non-existent, as small farmers continued to control most of Russian productivity.
b. Agricultural production remained a major weakness in the Soviet economy, demanding a higher percentage of the work force than was common under industrialization.
c. Peasants were presented with real market incentives for increased production.
d. The Soviets had to import grain from their western neighbors and China.
e. Kulaks were able to achieve control over most of the agricultural lands of Russia.





Answer: B

Which of the following was NOT a factor leading to the development of fascism in Germany?

Which of the following was NOT a factor leading to the development of fascism in Germany?




a. The division of Germany into zones of occupation by the victorious Allies in World War I
b. The impact of the depression
c. Treaty arrangements that forced Germany to accept the blame for World War I
d. The rise of leaders such as Hitler
e. The recent and shaky tradition of parliamentary government




Answer: A

Hitler promised the German people all of the following EXCEPT

Hitler promised the German people all of the following EXCEPT




a. to defeat the communists.
b. to put Germans back to work.
c. to remilitarize Germany.
d. to rid Germany of the kulaks.
e. to restore political stability.




Answer: D

What event historically triggered the Great Depression?

What event historically triggered the Great Depression?



a. The Long March
b. Collapse of the American stock market
c. World War II
d. The attack of Pearl Harbor
e. World War I




Answer: B

Which of the following was NOT typical of the Soviet economy?

Which of the following was NOT typical of the Soviet economy?




a. Ready availability of consumer goods
b. Control of virtually all economic sectors
c. Emphasis on rigid planning
d. Need to create a massive armaments industry
e. Emphasis on heavy industrial goods




Answer: A

Germany united with Austria in

Germany united with Austria in



a. 1940.
b. 1938.
c. 1920.
d. 1914.
e. 1918.





Answer: B

In Germany under Hitler, government economic planning

In Germany under Hitler, government economic planning




a. was modeled on the programs of the American New Deal.
b. was focused on a return to a pre-industrial system.
c. was based on the economic theory of John Maynard Keynes.
d. did not exist.
e. helped to restore production levels by emphasizing armament construction.





Answer: E

Which of the following statements concerning the depression in Japan is most accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning the depression in Japan is most accurate?



a. The Japanese government failed to take any direct action to modify the impact of the depression.
b. Western nations such as Britain and the United States began a massive investment program in Japan.
c. The total concentration of the government on military aggression led to an ineffective response to the depression.
d. After initial great misery, Japan suffered far less than many Western nations because of effective government action.
e. Due to government controls, the depression never affected the Japanese.






Answer: D

Hitler's secret police was known as the

Hitler's secret police was known as the



a. Gestapo.
b. Popular Front.
c. Guomindang.
d. May Fourth Movement.
e. Red Army.





Answer: A

Adolph Hitler was the political and ideological leader of the

Adolph Hitler was the political and ideological leader of the



a. Conservative Union.
b. National Labor Party.
c. National Socialist Party.
d. Christian Democratic Party.
e. Social Democratic Party.





Answer: C

In the election of 1932, Hitler's National Socialist Party

In the election of 1932, Hitler's National Socialist Party



a. received a majority of all votes cast in Germany.
b. was prevented from participating.
c. failed to achieve a majority, but won more votes than any other single party.
d. formed an alliance with the Communist Party to win the election.
e. boycotted the electoral process.






Answer: C

Which of the following actions did governments take in 1929 with the onset of the depression?

Which of the following actions did governments take in 1929 with the onset of the depression?






a. Wars broke out between various European countries over the struggle for reduced resources.
b. Governments successfully reduced unemployment through the creation of public service jobs.
c. A new spirit of cooperation led to the formation of international trade agreements between nations.
d. National tariffs were raised to keep out the goods of other countries.
e. Governments increased spending to provide an economic stimulus to their threatened economies.




Answer: D

What caused the downfall of the first Peronist government in 1955?

What caused the downfall of the first Peronist government in 1955?



a. A peasant revolution
b. The coalition of labor, business, and the military fell apart.
c. The death of Peron
d. Peron's divorce of Evita
e. A war between Argentina and Brazil, resulting in the defeat of Argentina






Answer: B

Hitler's foreign and military policies were based on

Hitler's foreign and military policies were based on



a. elimination of the Jews.
b. conquest without warfare.
c. preparation for war.
d. working with the League of Nations.
e. England's foreign and military policies.




Answer: C

What was Lenin's solution to Russian participation in World War I?

What was Lenin's solution to Russian participation in World War I?



a. He successfully achieved a significant role at the Versailles peace negotiations.
b. He negotiated a peace treaty with the Germans and surrendered huge amounts of land on Russia's western border.
c. He immediately demanded that his British and French allies send humanitarian, economic, and military aid to the Eastern Front.
d. He implemented a trench warfare strategy, which caused the German advance to stop.
e. He launched a massive offensive campaign that carried Russian forces deep within Germany.





Answer: A

What type of government did Getulio Vargas institute in Brazil between 1929 and 1945?

What type of government did Getulio Vargas institute in Brazil between 1929 and 1945?




a. Vargas introduced a centralized program based on ideas from Mussolini's Italy in 1937 before turning to the left by 1945.
b. Vargas introduced a socialist and totalitarian government in 1929 based on the model of Stalin's Russia.
c. Vargas restored the Brazilian monarchy.
d. Vargas's program was a conservative reaction to socialist and communist movements.
e. Vargas was dedicated to the principles of liberal democracy and the retention of a vibrant and open political arena.





Answer: A

Who was the leader of fascist Italy?

Who was the leader of fascist Italy?



a. Ernesto Momigliano
b. Benedetto Croce
c. Benito Mussolini
d. Benito Juarez
e. Erwin Rommel





Answer: C

Which of the following statements best describes the Japanese government during the 1920s and early 1930s?

Which of the following statements best describes the Japanese government during the 1920s and early 1930s?





a. Japan was ruled exclusively be a strong liberal party that dominated the lower house of parliament.
b. Japan's oligarchic political structure allowed elite groups to negotiate with each other for appropriate policy and allowed military leaders to take a growing role.
c. Labor unions began to exert increasing control over economic policy in the aftermath of the government's failure to take direct action during the depression.
d. The rise of the Communist Party in Japan led to a major reorganization of the government.
e. Japanese politics were fully democratic, leading to the growth of communism in Japan.





Answer: B
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