Between 1800 and 1914, some fifty million Europeans left their poor agricultural societies and sought opportunities overseas, a majority heading to the United States.
In some cases, colonial rule led to the introduction of new crops that transformed the landscape and social order of subject lands, for example the introduction of tea bushes from India to China.
Because the nomadic peoples of Australia did not occupy lands permanently, British settlers considered the continent terra nullius, "land belonging to no one," and one that they could seize and put to their own uses.
The underlying principle of indirect rule was the desire to keep African populations in check and permit European administrators to engage in a "civilizing mission."
The Berlin West Africa Conference, which included delegates from fourteen European states and the United States, devised the ground rules for the colonization of Africa.