What was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-Rashid?
a. The practice of electing caliphs in Mecca was once again instituted.
b. The Abbasid dynasty came to an end with the defeat in the Battle of Zamzam.
c. The Shi'as were able to take over the throne with the election of Ali.
d. Private armies were abolished in an attempt to curtail future violence over the succession.
e. Succession disputes led to the build up of personal armies, often of slave soldiers.
Answer: E