Which of the following was NOT a policy imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th century?
a. The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance.
b. Western books were banned.
c. Neo-Confucian philosophy gave way to the influence of thinkers who championed the school of "National Learning."
d. Christianity was banned and Christians were persecuted.
e. Foreign traders were confined to the island of Deshima in Nagasaki Bay.
Answer: A