Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Crusades?
a. The Crusades demonstrated a new Western superiority in the wider world.
b. The Crusades helped to open the West to new cultural and economic influences from the Middle East.
c. As far as the Muslims were concerned, the Crusades had little impact on the Islamic world
d. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the temporary conquest of Constantinople.
e. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was established and controlled by the West for nearly a century in the Holy Land.
Answer: A