On the east coast of Africa, the Swahili trading cities
a. continued their commerce in the Indian Ocean with both the Portuguese and the Ottoman Turks.
b. were decimated following European naval attacks.
c. abandoned trade with Islam in favor of trade with the Europeans.
d. fell entirely within the orbit of the Portuguese global trade network.
e. were unique in Africa because of their refusal to participate in the slave trade.
Answer: A