What was the political impact of the presence of Europeans on the African coast?
a. West and central African kingdoms just inland from the forts began to redirect their trade and expand their influence.
b. States were more likely to form in the savanna regions of Africa.
c. State formation in Africa took place on the Indian Ocean coast away from the trade routes established by the Europeans.
d. Strong centralized states began to form on the coastline in close proximity to the European trade forts.
e. Europeans immediately divided up the entire continent and established colonies.
Answer: A