What was the principal advantage of the Islamic concept of the umma?
a. It provided dietary restrictions that allowed for more equitable distribution of food in Arabia.
b. It provided a clear principle of political succession that would provide the basis for an Islamic state.
c. It provided for an annual treaty that would restore the trade routes of Arabia.
d. It emphasized the value of individualism and fostered self-reliance among the bedouin tribes.
e. It transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible political unity among Arab clans.
Answer: E