Which of the following statements concerning the Portuguese presence in east Africa is most accurate?
a. The Portuguese presence in east Africa precipitated the population movement among the Bantu that became the Mfecane.
b. Unlike the Portuguese settlements on the coast of western Africa, Mozambique became the basis for a large European colony.
c. The Portuguese presence was preceded by French and the English colonization movements.
d. After the 1570s, the Portuguese gained complete control over the east African trade in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.
e. Portuguese bases in east Africa gave them access to the gold trade of east Africa, but they were unable to completely disrupt the Muslim trade with the region.
Answer: E